We recently hosted an event with Mississippi native Alex Heard, an author and journalist who wrote The Eyes of Willie McGee, a fascinating new book about a nearly forgotten Mississippi murder trial that was pivotal in organizing civil rights support. (C-SPAN sent a crew to tape the reading and discussion for Book TV, which airs the program this Saturday, June 19, at 2 p.m. central.)
Willie McGee was a black man in Laurel, Mississippi, who, in 1945, was accused of raping a white housewife, found guilty and sentenced to death. Nothing about the incident was cut-and-dry. McGee proclaimed his innocence, stating it was a consensual, while worldwide public outrage demanded that even if he was guilty, the punishment was too severe. Heard compellingly confronts the secrets, lies, and debate surrounding this sensational trial and execution, which had become, up until now, all but forgotten.
Mississippians today are used to resurrecting the painful history of this era, which continues to sadden and frustrate, but it got us thinking about some of the other lesser known, more uplifting aspects of the civil rights era, which in addition to inciting fear, rage and sweeping social change, contributed greatly to our national culture.
Music of the civil rights movement is most often identified through the topical pop songs of the 1960s, judging by the lasting impact of Bob Dylan's "Blowin in the Wind" or Sam Cooke's "A Change is Gonna Come," but our resident music expert and jazz aficionado Ben was intrigued by the movement's contribution to the legacy of jazz music and compiled for us this incomplete list of the greatest jazz recordings spawned by the civil rights movement:
"(What Did I Do to Be So) Black and Blue" (1929) — Louis Armstrong, from Hot Fives and Sevens
Written by Fats Waller as part of the Broadway musical Hot Chocolates, Louis Armstrong turned this song into a seminal piece about racial inequality. When Armstrong re-recorded the composition in 1955, he did so following Brown v. Board of Education, placing the song further in context. Armstrong’s work is also mentioned in the beginning of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man.
Further Listening: Satch Plays Fats.
"Strange Fruit" (1939) — Billie Holliday
The poem "Strange Fruit" was penned by Abel Meeropol which graphically describes the lynching of two black men. Set to music, it would become a staple of Billie Holiday’s repertoire and one of the most important songs of the 20th century. Although many artists have covered this song, it belongs to Billie. It was her biggest hit and despite her numerous performances of the song, it is said that she was moved to tears after every performance. One listen to this song should demonstrate why.
Further Listening: Lady Sings the Blues.
"Come Sunday" (1958) — Duke Ellington, from Black, Brown and Beige
Duke Ellington is one of the most important composers of the 20th century and this is his masterpiece. The suite depicts the historical journey of African Americans from Africa to enslavement, from Emancipation to assimilation. This particular recording offers a unique perspective to the composition Ellington struggled with for many years by presenting Mahalia Jackson as the featured singer. Rarely heard outside of sacred settings, she is profound in her interpretations of Ellington's suite.
Further Listening: anything by Duke Ellington.
Freedom Suite (1958) — Sonny Rollins
Freedom Suite, is Sonny Rollins' first attempt at an extended composition. For an African American performing jazz in the late 1950s, the term "freedom," has many connotations. Rollins explores the idea of freedom in the work, commenting not on a specific event but encompassing the idea of freedom.
Further Listening: Saxophone Colossus.
We Insist! Freedom Now Suite (1960) — Max Roach
Recorded in 1960, this may be the first jazz recording explicitly about civil rights. The cover of We Insist! Freedom Now Suite, depicting a lunch counter sit-in, makes it clear. The suite is moving both as a jazz composition and as an intellectual concept. Utilizing some of the best musicians of the era — including Booker Little, Abbey Lincoln and Coleman Hawkins — Max Roach made sure this album had purpose. There are moments that are brutal, especially the duet between Roach and Lincoln in which he is pounding the drums and she allows her singing to progress to screaming. There are also moments evoking Africa, Jazz, peace and most importantly change.
Further Listening: M'Boom Re:Percussion.
"Original Faubus Fables" (1960) — Charles Mingus, from Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus
Charles Mingus wrote this tune as a direct protest against Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, whose crimes against humanity included sending the National Guard to stop the integration of nine African-American students into Little Rock Central High School in 1957. This song was released by Columbia records in 1959 although they would not allow the lyrics on the recording. Mingus recorded the song a year later on Candid records with the lyrics intact.
Further Listening: Mingus Ah Um.
"Alabama" (1963) — John Coltrane, from Live at Birdland
This classic live album from John Coltrane is probably most known for the opener, "Afro Blue," yet one cannot dismiss this introspective, sad song, a proper jazz elegy for the struggle in
Alabama. When asked if "Alabama" had any significance to the racial issues in the Deep South, Coltrane responded, "It represents, musically, something that I saw down there translated into music from inside me."
Further Listening: A Love Supreme.
"Mississippi Goddam" (1964) — Nina Simone, from Nina Simone in Concert
Recorded at Carnegie Hall, this album documents the beginning of Simone's long career promoting civil rights. The crowning moment is "Mississippi Goddam," which she wrote to express her outrage over Medgar Ever's death and the infamous 1963 Alabama church bombing. It is clear that the up-tempo groove and unclear title confuses the mostly white audience as they laugh upon hearing the title of the song. After singing it for a minute, Simone tells the audience, "This is a showtune but the show hasn't been written for it yet." This is followed by more laughter from the audience. After another fiery verse — "Lord have mercy on this land of mine/ We all gonna get it in due time/ I
don't belong here/ I don't belong there/ I've even stopped
believing in prayer" — Simone addresses the audience again, stating, "Bet you thought I was kidding didn't you?" The audience is silent.
Further Listening: Forever Young, Gifted and Black.
From the Plantation to the Penitentiary (2007) — Wynton Marsalis
Offering a fresh look at the societal problems that plague us today, Wynton Marsalis used this opportunity to remind us of the struggles that have been before, how far we've traveled and how little has changed. Marsalis challenges all of us struggling today to make a change for the better lest we fall into damnation. This album is the Freedom Now Suite for the new millennium, a reminder that despite the struggles, we continue in chains.
Further Listening: Blood on the Fields (winner of the Pulitzer Prize).